By Johan Galtung
Written around 1992, edited in 2006
This blog favors the conflict/peace more than the threat/security perspective. And standard conflict analysis demands a comprehensive listing of the key actors, of their goals, and of the clashes among those goals. A point of departure is a list of standard fault-lines often separating individuals and groups, assuming that the conflict is not only among states and republics because only they have arms.
Conflict analysis – it was a bit more complex than assumed by most
And that is a first and major point to be made: the conflict in and over Yugoslavia went far beyond nations only. Here are ten conflicts, all within Yugoslavia, certainly not only one:
I. Nature: military destruction vs the eco-balance of nature, particularly through the use of depleted uranium
II. Gender: macho attitude-behavior, including large scale rape, probably also as a backlash against socialist gender parity
III. Generation: passing hatred, revanchism through generations, from the past via the present way into the future, at the national, local and family levels, not processed through reconciliation
IV. Race: by and large irrelevant, except for some UN troops
V. Class: we have to distinguish between four kinds:
– political: a revolt against Beograd as the Titoist center of decision-making, also among Serbs as a perpetuation of the Tito-Mihajlovich, partizan-chetnik conflict from the Second world war;
– military: a revolt against the Titoist near monopoly on military violence through the largely Serbian controlled JNA, the Yugoslav National Army;
– economic: the under-class revolt against the technocrats; and the revolt of the less well-to-do against the more well-to-do;
– cultural: a revolt against any perceived cultural dominance, linguistically, religiously, ideologically – within and without.
VI: Nation: shallow in terms of religion; deeper for language, and in terms of sacred times (dates) and sacred spaces (sites) for the nations. Also “Yugoslavs” vs. “constituent nations”.
VII: Country: only Slovenija was uni-national, the other republics were all multi-national with problematic borders
VIII: State/Capital: the socialism/capitalism controversy
IX: Capital/Civil Society: inter-nation exploitation issues
X: State/Civil Society: human rights infractions, killed and wounded, peace movements inside/outside Yugoslavia; NGOs.
Almost everyone of these is important. But “nation” has to be spelt out. [Read more…]
Yugoslavia - What Should Have Been Done? 